Scalars and Vectors

Hey Grade 10's!

Here is the video we watched in class about scalars and vectors.

Enjoy!

Ms. Camille

Chemistry Unit Learning Outcomes

Learning for Success – Chemistry Learning Outcomes

• □       I can describe the evidences that led to the development of the atomic model consisting of protons and neutrons (nucleons) and electrons; i.e., Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford, Bohr
• □       I have an awareness of WHMIS guidelines
• □       I can explain the importance of and need for the IUPAC system of naming compounds, in terms of the work that scientists do and the need to communicate clearly and precisely
• □       I can explain, using the periodic table, how and why elements combine to form compounds in specific ratios (Hint: think valence electron pairs)
• □       I can predict formulas and write names for ionic and molecular compounds using a periodic table, a table of ions and IUPAC rules
• □       I can classify ionic and molecular compounds, acids and bases on the basis of their properties; i.e., conductivity, pH, solubility, state
• □       I can relate the molecular structure of simple substances to their properties (e.g., describe how the properties of water are due to the polar nature of water molecules)
• □       I can use IUPAC rules to name common acids
• □       I can use a solubility chart to predict whether an ionic compound will be soluble or insoluble in water
• □       I can describe evidences for chemical changes
• □       I can differentiate between endothermic and exothermic reactions.
• □       I can determine whether or not photosynthesis or cellular respiration are endothermic or exothermic
• □       I can identify situations where chemical reactions as useful in my house and in industry.
• □       I can balance chemical equations
• □       I can identify and classify the following reactions:
• o   Formation
• o   Decomposition
• o   Hydrocarbon combustion
• o   Single Replacement
• o   Double Replacement
• □       I can predict the products of a reaction when given the reactants
• □       I can define the mole
• □       I can interpret chemical equations in terms of moles of chemical species and relate the mole concept to the law of conservation of mass.

The Mole!

Here is an excellent video that recaps everything we learned about the mole:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tEn0N4R2dqA&feature=relmfu

Balancing Chemical Equations

Here is a video to refresh your memory:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YAutl-G7g4A&feature=related

Here are some websites to practice your skills!

http://www.sciencegeek.net/Chemistry/taters/EquationBalancing.htm
http://education.jlab.org/elementbalancing/index.html (Choose a level that reflects your confidence with this topic)

Naming Acids

Hi guys,

Sorry for the hiatus from the internet!  I hope you all had a lovely Eid holiday.  Can you believe that there are only 4 weeks left until the winter holidays?  I'll be posting as many resources as I can find that will help you with your upcoming Unit Final.  Don't forget, it's coming up on November 30!

Here is a YouTube video from Brightstorm2 about naming acids.  It goes over the same rules that we did!

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wBRU6gOlq5o

Also, you may want to check our BrightStorm2's other videos about naming ionic compounds and molecular (covalent) compounds.

I hope it helps!

Ms. Camille

Properties of water

Here's a decent video about water's unique properties. Watch the video and answer the following questions:

1. Describe the shape of a water molecule
2. What is cohesion? 
3. What property water molecule makes it cohesive?
4. What property of water is attributed to its cohesive nature?  (hint: think back to the paper clip activity!)
5. What is adhesion?
6. What is capillary action?  Does it occur because of water's cohesive nature or adhesive nature?
7. How does a droplet of water compare to a droplet of alcohol?  Which has stronger cohesive forces?
8. Does mercury have more or less cohesion than water?
9. Go back into your notes or to p. 75 of your textbook:  What are other terms used to describe cohesive and adhesive forces?

If you'd like, fill out a diagram or table that lists water's cohesive and adhesive properties.

Transition Metal Cations

So far, we have only discussed 4 families of elements: the alkali metals, the alkaline earth metals, the halogens, and the noble/inert gases.  Now we are going to pay attention to all those elements in between!

Take a look at groups 3 to 12.  They are all metals, right?  Well, we group these elements into a category called the "transition metals."  This isn't a chemical family; in fact, transition metals really only have a few things in common:

1) They are all metals
2) They all have 4 or more electron orbitals (these are called d-orbitals)
3) They all form cations in ionic compounds

Because of their unique d-orbitals, these transition metals don't follow the same patterns of other metals we've learned about.  It is difficult to predict what cation a transition metal will form and some transition metals can form two different cations!  Let's break it down...

• Take a look at your Periodic Table of the elements.  Can you identify the transition metals?
• Find the element iron (period 4, group 8).  You may notice that there are two integers included in its cell.  +3, +2.  These integers represent the cations that iron can form in an ionic compound.  So, you could have Fe3+ or Fe2+.  This means that iron can give away 3 valence electrons (Fe3+) or two valence electrons (Fe2+).  What are the two cation charges for palladium (period 5, group 10)?

• You'll notice that some elements only form one cation (Zn2+, for example) and that others form two (Cu2+ or Cu1+).  If there are two possible cations, the first integer represents the cation it is most likely to form.

So, take a look at the following two examples and see if you cannot determine which cation of iron is used in each:

1. FeO
2. Fe2O3

Figure it out?  First thing you should ask is "what is the charge of the anion?"  Oxygen has 6 valence electrons and can receive two more.  Therefore, in an ionic compound, oxygen is always O2-.  Now you have to figure out the charges of the cations which will create a stable (no charge) ionic compound.

1. Fe2+  and O2-  will create FeO
2. 2 x Fe3+ (total positive charges = 6) and 3 x O2- (total negative charges = 6) will create Fe2O3

More about transition metals:

• http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/edexcel/patterns/transitionmetalsrev1.shtml  (please note that this website labels the groups on the periodic table different from what we have been learning.  Transition metals are in groups 3-12.)
•  

Ionic Compounds

What I need to know about ionic compounds:

• Formed between metallic and non-metallic elements
• Electrons are transferred  from the metal to the non-metal.  This only happens between the valence energy shells (outer orbitals) of the atoms.
• When this occurs, both atoms become ions (charged)
• The metal, having lost negative electrons, is now positively charged and is called a cation.
• The non-metal, having gained negative electrons, is now negatively charged and is called an anion.
• These ions will combine in proportions that allow the metals to give away all their unpaired electrons and the non-metals to acquire a full octet of electrons.

Extra reading:

• Ions: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_aqa/atomic/ionicrev1.shtml
• Ionic Bonds: http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/lsps07.sci.phys.matter.ionicbonding/
• Chemical bonds: http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/lsps07.sci.phys.matter.chembonds/
• Chemical bonds: http://www.visionlearning.com/library/module_viewer.php?mid=55

About Orbitals

Please watch this video for homework tonight.  It is a little advanced so try not to feel overwhelmed.  Electron orbitals are abstract and therefore a bit confusing!

The following questions should help guide your learning.

1. Which scientist devised the concept of energy levels and orbitals?
2. What subatomic particle exists in orbitals?
3. Are these orbitals 2-Dimensional or 3-Dimensional?
4. Are they well defined paths?
5. What is energy?
6. What makes an electron “excited?”
7. Each period in the periodic table will have ________ energy shell
8. How many elements are in the first period?  What are they? How many protons & electrons do they each have?

Atomic Theories and Models

J. J. Thomson and the discovery of the electron:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IdTxGJjA4Jw

Ernest Rutherford and the discovery of the atomic nucleus:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wzALbzTdnc8&feature=related
and (more detailed)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FfY4R5mkMY8&feature=related

Just to get us started...

Below is a great website that provides a basic overview of the concepts we will be learning about in this next section.  Make sure you look at the section called "Atomic Basics".

http://www.learner.org/interactives/periodic/index.html

Also, make sure you comment on my welcome message below if you haven't done so already! 

Welcome to Science 10

Welcome to Science 10 at QCS!

This year, I will be using a blog to communicate with you about the course.  On this website I will post links and information that will assist you in the completion of this course.  Additionally, you are encouraged to post to this blog via the comment feature available to each blog posting.  You can provide the class with links related to the class or you can ask a question of myself and/or the class.  These questions could be about assignments or concepts.

When posting please be respectful of the following:

1. Your peers and your teacher
2. Your school
3. The ideas and beliefs of others
4. The country within which we live

 As such, I ask that you only post material related to the content of this course.  I also ask that you use formal and appropriate language.  Any instant messaging slang will be deleted from the blog.

Please indicate that you have read this by supplying your name (first name only please) and include something that you hope to get out of this course.

I look forward to working with you!  Ms. Camille